Urban Studies and Planning
The
current essay has focused on the issues of environment and planning,
environment and urbanization and property investment and finance. The journals
that have been selected for the analysis of these fields include ‘Behavioral
responses of wildlife to urban environment’, ‘urban development and planning in
Istanbul’ and ‘the study of urban metabolism and its application to urban
planning and design’. The essay focuses on the depiction of the underlying
assumptions, research design, specific research method of the journals and the
contributions that the journals have made in the field of knowledge.
The
first journal discusses on the issue of how the constant urbanization has been
proved a threat for the sustenance of the wildlife environment. The research
paper studies the importance of adaptability of the wildlife in order to
survive in the urban environment. It analyses the fact that some animals can
easily adapt with the changing situation of urbanization due to their
extraordinary behavioral traits. Whereas the animals that are reluctant to
alter themselves, are bound to perish in the disturbed circumstances and
consequently face exclusion from the cities. The second research paper focuses
on the alteration of the social and spatial structure of the Istanbul due to
‘urban regeneration’.
The
research paper draws our attention to the arrival of the new consumer groups,
economic strategy making and the investment of the capital into property
development instead of industry. However, after 2008 urban regeneration has
lost its importance due to its failure to give shape to the agreement that it
has made because of the superficial and dubious urban designing. The report
focuses on the fact that though urban regeneration has lost its value in the
western world in Turkey it is able to retain its importance especially in the
field of investment capital and it is altering the appearance of most of the
central Turkish cities.
The
third research paper focuses on the study of urban metabolism and the existence
of two different types of metabolism- metabolism regarding energy equivalents and
the other one is the metabolism in terms of mass fluxes. The study calculates
the green house gas emission and provides mathematical models for urban
metabolism for the urban design and policy analysis. The research also provides
future suggestions to integrate the social, health and economic factors into
the urban metabolism.
The
first paper provides a detailed description on the potential mechanisms that
help in the adjustment with the urban environment. The first point that the
author has discussed here includes behavioral modification. In other words, how
the animals change their behavior in order to adapt themselves with the
changing environment of the urbanisation. The changes ultimately affect the
physical fitness and survival strategies and even on the reproduction of the
animals. These behavioral changes sometimes become permanent behavioral
modifications. These modifications can affect the long-term fitness of the animals
ultimately affecting the adaptive situation of the animal.
While
the innovative species possess more learning, skills and can solve the problem
better in such extremely changing conditions. Therefore, the species, which are
able to survive in the urban civilization are thought to have more flexibility
in behavior. The second point focuses on the comparative discussions on the phenotypic
plasticity and the generic adaptation. The phenotypic plasticity makes the
species less flexible in the changing condition. Extreme environments however
lead to the development of phenotypic difference. Several analysis made it
clear that in urban areas birdsongs have modified. It is true that not many
evidences have found based on the genetic adaptation of the species.
Pet
bird’s posses less corticosterone stress compared to the forest born birds. The
research also suggests that the effect of urbanization on the role of
temperament and boldness. The writer has also discussed on the responses of the
species to the changing conditions of the environment. The enough supply of
food and water has been proved favourable for the breeding conditions of
species in the urban environment. The urban species are able to reproduce
earlier and for a longer period of time than the rural ones. In the urban
civilization the disturbance caused by the vehicles, traffic and other
occurrences can affect foraging of the animals negatively. Urban environment effect
both positively and negatively on the animals.
The second paper describes the study on the crucial aspects of the urban
planning and developmental environment of Istanbul, which describes the
centralized aspect of the Turkish state, the comparatively fragile labor
market, the client, based culture, the increasing amount of poverty level and
the disclosure of the influential middle class people. The urban development of
Turkey is considered to be affected by the conflicting forces of
market-oriented client based forces on the one hand and the development of the
Turkish republic hindering the planning and development on the other hand. The
third research paper has described the development of the urban metabolism
concept and provided a table to analyse this. The writer has described the account on urban
greenhouse gas and provided dynamic analysis of the method for the analysis of
the policy. The author has also provided future directions.
The
1st research paper is explorative in design because the author has
made abundant use of data to put forward the point of view of the research. The
author has provided avid examples to show the effect of urbanization on the
behavior of the species. The author has given the examples of studies to locate
the behavioral changes of the species (Huxham & Vangen, 2009). The example
of the change in birdsong in the urban areas, the example of genetic adaptation
of the European blackbirds in terms of stress physiology has also stated. The
author has also proved by giving examples that the stress response in the
forest born birds is less than the city- born birds (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie &
Turner, 2010).
While
describing the effect of urbanization on the behavioral traits of the species
the author also has given references of the fishes , Parus major, Trinidad
killfishes, Rivulus Hartii. The writer has also studied the examples of Silver
gulls, white-winged choughs in order to prove the higher period of breeding
rate of the species residing in the urban areas (RieseCarlsen, B., &
Glenton. He has also provided some data to describe that the earlier and long
period of breeding does not necessarily lead to the higher rate of the
reproduction. He has given the examples of European hedgehogs to describe how
the species can change their foraging patterns in extreme condition of
urbanization (Riege, 2011).
He
has given the examples of chipmunks, to describe their changing behavioral
patterns with the change of the environment. The example of gulls has also been
provided to suggest how urbanization is affecting the habitat of these species.
Due to the poor management of the waste has resulted in the increased number of
Australian white Ibis. He has also suggested that the nestlings of the American
crows have increased due to the less competition for food resources. The
examples of grey-headed flying fox, Torresian crows have also been provided to
describe the change of roosting behavior on the species.
The
second research paper is descriptive in pattern because the author has provided
a detailed analysis on the effect of urban regeneration in Istanbul. The author
has provide a wide description of the social and spatial structure of Istanbul
and analysis on the perspectives of the dynamics of urban regeneration. Then
the writer goes on describing the crucial specifics of the Turkish urban planning
and development atmosphere and depicted the development of Turkey is affected
by the conflicting forces of the market oriented clienteles state and on the
other hand the development of the Turkish Republic which hinders the
development and planning of urbanization. Then the writer has provided some
papers in order to prove this point of view (Magilvy & Thomas, 2009).
The
third paper is explorative in pattern because the author has made use of ample
data and studies to justify his point of view. The author has provided the
studies of Newman, Warren- Rhodes and Koenig to describe the urban metabolism.
He has also provided varied three tables for the study. In the second table the
author has described the components of urban metabolism such as the consumption
of total electricity, heating, industrial fuels, transportation, jet, marine
fuel,tonnage and composition of landfill waste and provided the preferred the
units for each process. The third table describes a comparative study on the
cities in the metropolitan region, definition, year, population, study, total
emissions of carbon dioxide in each city and the per capita emissions co2 in
each city. The author has provided the design tools and future directions as
well.
In
the first and third journal, the quantitative approach has been taken to
analyse the it while in the second journal the qualitative approach has been
taken (Riese, Carlsen & Glenton, 2014).
The
journals have helped to provide a stoic view of the different types of urban development’s
and the planning scenarios that have taken place.
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